tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12171083768576951362024-02-07T17:20:55.095+09:00A Forever Phonetics Student<b>An unknown phonetician's rambling place.</b>Shigehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11064218668792306369noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1217108376857695136.post-92096722512849991812009-12-20T14:21:00.011+09:002010-05-02T10:00:11.003+09:00ˈbluː ˈkrɪsməs<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">a</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪl </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">hæv </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">bluː </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">krɪsməs wɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ð</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">a</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʊt juː</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">a</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪl </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">biː </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">so</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʊ </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">bluː d</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 20px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʒ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʌs </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">θ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ŋk</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ŋ </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ba</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʊt juː</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">dek</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">re</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʃ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ənz əv </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">red </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɑ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">n</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">g</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">riːn </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">krɪsməs </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">t</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">riː</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">woʊm biː </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ð</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">se</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪm dɪr ɪf </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">j</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɔ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">r </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">n</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɑ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">t </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">h</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">r w</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ð</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> mi</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">n wen </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ðo</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʊ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">z </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">bluː </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">sn</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">o</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʊfle</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ks </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">st</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɑ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">rt f</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɑ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">l</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ðæts </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">wen ðo</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʊ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">z </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">bluː </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">memriz </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">st</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɑ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">rt k</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɑ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">l</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ju</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ːl biː </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">d</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">u</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ːɪn </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɑ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ːl</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ra</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">t w</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ð </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">j</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɔ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ːr </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">krɪsməs </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">əv </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">hwa</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">bə</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">t a</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪl </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">hæv ə </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">bluː </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">bluː </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">bluː </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">bluː </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">krɪsməs</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif;color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzCCNzjCoZ8bWbVgqxvM-148Np7v6H0xuVBfMwZKENLtwVXYRcvgDH0J0LeOw7jyq5cYEMl2eW1pxks3PYCRA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span><div><br /></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Please have a look at </span></span></b><a href="http://hatsuon-kyosei.com/blog/"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">my main blog</span></span></b></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">!</span></span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Shigehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11064218668792306369noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1217108376857695136.post-21961568287886794912009-12-19T22:11:00.019+09:002010-05-02T10:03:32.941+09:00ˈwɪntər ˈwʌndərlænd<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">sle</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> belz </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">r</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ŋ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">, </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɑ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">r ju </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">l</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">sn</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ŋ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">n </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ð</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">le</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">n </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">sno</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʊ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">z </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">gl</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">sn</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ŋ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">bju</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">t</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">fl </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">sa</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">t w</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">hæpi t</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">na</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">w</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɔ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">k</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">n </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪn</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">wɪntər </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">wʌndər</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">lænd</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">g</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɑ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">n </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">we</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">z </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ð</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">blu</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">b</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɜ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">rd</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">h</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪər </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">t</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">s</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">te</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">z </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ð</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">nju</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">b</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɜ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">r</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">h</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">s</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ŋ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">z </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> l</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʌ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">v </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">s</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɔ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ŋ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">z </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">wi</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> go</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʊ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">l</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɔ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ŋ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal;"><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">w</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɔ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">k</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">n </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪn</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">wɪntər </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">wʌndər</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">lænd</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪn </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ð</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">medo</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʊ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">wi</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> kæm </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">bɪld </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">sno</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʊ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">mæn</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">æ</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">m prɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">tend </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ð</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">t </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">hi</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">z </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">p</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɑ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">rs</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">m </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">bra</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʊ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">hi</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">l seɪ </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɑ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">r</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> ju </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">mærɪd </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">wil seɪ </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">no</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʊ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> mæn</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">b</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">t </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ju kæn </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">du</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ð</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">d</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʒ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɑ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">b wen j</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɜ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">r ɪn </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ta</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʊ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">leɪt</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">r </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɑ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">n </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">wi</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">l k</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">n</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">spaɪr</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">æz wi </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">dri</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">m </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: normal; white-space: pre; font-size:16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">baɪ </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ð</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">faɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">r</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">t</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">feɪs </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ʌ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">n</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">freɪd</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ð</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">plænz </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ð</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">t wi </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">meɪd</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">w</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɔ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ː</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">k</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">n </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ɪn</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">ə </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">wɪntər </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">wʌndər</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';">lænd</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></span></span></div></span></span></div></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwFHppnjYx7a1mVA360Nx2WUNECqAybG6dxSDf6Z71TisLUXeU6rYG3TMRCMyIOgAeSHEDgF-NpfcyWjAXpQA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span><div><br /></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:large;">Please have a look at </span></span></b><a href="http://hatsuon-kyosei.com/blog/"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:large;">my main blog</span></span></b></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:large;">!</span></span></b></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>Shigehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11064218668792306369noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1217108376857695136.post-67818057318865022002009-11-10T18:11:00.007+09:002013-03-30T00:01:16.255+09:00Down with a flu!!!<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">A couple of days ago, I was going to update this blog after such a long, long time. But unfortunately, I have been down with a flu these few days. I was a bit worried because of swine flu until the doctor assured me that it’s just a regular one. (Well, the coughing I have been making a number of times could be phonetically transcribed as [ʔh: ʔ:h::] (very tight glottal closure followed by a burst of glottal fricative!)) Anyway, I hope I will be able to come back again in a couple of days time.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">By the way, would you like to sing a ballad for pronunciation practice? Here’s my version of “Love Me Tender” for you! Slow ballads are always good to check your own pronunciation with. There will be two major points to bear in mind in singing this song: 1) for /l/ of ‘love’ the contact between the tongue tip and the alveolar ridge should be prolonged just a little — slightly longer than is the normal case, and 2) the vowel of ‘love’ should be a little closer than [ʌ], ie., more like [ə] (because you’re supposed to sing with an American accent).</span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzlhwtnSYGA2a4soFvGRyHoFV4TWGH05sJ9b6BHdVl4ovaAWTY7SfXVR4yhCGs3z-TuOjOaoQDTNlC1g4Xp3g' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Love me tender, love me sweet,</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Never let me go.<br />You have made my life complete,<br />And I love you so.</span></span></i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Love me tender, love me true,<br />All my dreams fulfilled.<br />For my darlin’ I love you,<br />And I always will.</span></span></i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Love me tender, love me long,<br />Take me to your heart.<br />For it’s there that I belong,<br />And we’ll never part.</span></span></i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Love me tender, love me dear,<br />Tell me you are mine.<br />I’ll be yours through all the years,<br />Till the end of time.</span></span></i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Well...I think I should go back to bed now.</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Please have a look at </span></span></b><a href="http://hatsuon-kyosei.com/blog/"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">my main blog</span></span></b></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">!</span></span></b></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large; line-height: normal;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span>
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Shigehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11064218668792306369noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1217108376857695136.post-75893179495239879982009-07-26T12:03:00.038+09:002013-03-30T00:01:47.812+09:00Lamino-dental, lamino-alveolar, and apico-alveolar<div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">/t/ and /d/ are probably among the most common phonemes in languages of the world, but their allophonic variants vary greatly from one language to another. In Japanese, /t/ and /d/ are usually either ‘lamino-dental’ (the tongue blade touching the upper teeth) or ‘lamino-alveolar’ (the tongue blade touching the alveolar ridge and the tongue tip resting on the lower teeth ridge). These two types of articulation are auditorily very similar to each other. English /t/ and /d/, on the other hand, are usually ‘apico-alveolar’, i.e., the tongue tip making contact with the alveolar ridge, whose auditory impression differs considerably from that of the Japanese /t/ and /d/. Alveolar consonants, or coronal articulations in general, are so tricky.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Please have a look at </span></span></b><a href="http://hatsuon-kyosei.com/blog/"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">my main blog</span></span></b></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">!</span></span></b></span></span></div>
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Shigehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11064218668792306369noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1217108376857695136.post-55349714228110181772009-07-23T22:45:00.080+09:002013-03-30T00:02:49.421+09:00Narrative in RP and GenAm (GA)<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">It is always fun to practice Received Pronunciation (RP) and General American (GenAm, or GA) contrastively. I used to speak English with a quite strong American accent when I was very young, but I learnt RP when I studied phonetics as a postgraduate student at UCL (University College London) in the late 1980s. Now I'm much more comfortable in speaking RP. </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">Nevertheless, being an amateur singer, I occasionally practice American, too. </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">The following is part of a passage which my UCL tutor instructed me to practice RP with and which Professor Wells used for RP-GenAm comparison in his English accents course. Since then on, this has been one of the very good materials for my pronunciation training. I also have my own phonetics students read it over and over again:</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">One day last year, when I was driving back to work after I’d had lunch, I had an amazing and unforgettable experience. It must have been two o’clock. — or perhaps a quarter of an hour later, a quarter past two. It was an incredible thing, really. I was sitting there at the steering wheel of my new car, waiting for the lights to change, when all of a sudden the car started to shake this way and that, rocking from side to side, throwing me backwards and forwards, up and down. I felt as if I was riding a bucking horse.</span></span></span></i></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">Now, my attempt at RP:</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxZc8F45CVGhBlrWI3sDZwfvmQfa61xp6xIeJoX-dYnyVP02zjoROrwQXmj8PcgpCE_UpO5Bzzov9LD-0TcGQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">Well, I’m afraid my vowel </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">of "lunch" </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">is probably a bit too close for RP. This vowel</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"> is also increasingly getting more front, probably on the verge of possible /æ/-/</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ʌ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">/ neutralisation with the quality of [a] for some RP speakers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">My pronunciation of “really” will be a little old-fashioned in terms of the quality of the final vowel: the word will more likely be pronounced /'r</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ɪə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">li/, rather than /'r</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ɪə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">l</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">/ as I have pronounced.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">Next is my GenAm:</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxrc8I2xy7_PZ7ACbhoV02VTKrS2h7Zi3b52SCcVeFAlR8vfdG5Ez0B-2xBdG2qNrogrNb-9NOUio2rmdXuew' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">Mmm... It sounds rather artificial, doesn’t it? It is surprising what a great effort I need to pronounce General American now — the accent I used to speak with so easily in my teens and early twenties! </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">As you may know very well, General American is rhotic, so I have tried to pronounce /r/ for the spelling “r” of “yea</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">r</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">”, “wo</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">r</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">k”, “qua</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">r</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ter”, “hou</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">r</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">”,“ca</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">r</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">”, “sta</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">r</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ted”, etc. I find it quite hard to pronounce all these r’s now that I’m so much familiar with non-rhoticity.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">The GenAm /æ/ (more specifically [æ:]) for “l</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">a</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">st” and “</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">a</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">fter” is more difficult for me to make than it would be when I sing. I feel much more comfortable pronouncing these words with /</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ɑ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">:/: /l</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ɑ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">:st/ and /'</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ɑ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">:ft</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">/. Interestingly, the case is reversed when I'm singing. Does it mean that the American accent norm Peter Trudgill (1984: 142) mentions can apply even to non-native speakers of English like me? Or is it simply because my pronunciation was American when I started singing POP songs?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">In GenAm, /t/ characteristically undergoes lenition in the 'V_V environment. Thus the intervocalic /t/ in words like “unforgettable”, “later”, “quarter”, “sitting”, “waiting” and “star</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">t</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ed” is most often pronounced as a voiced alveolar tap of some kind.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">Reference</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">Trudgill, P. (1984). </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">On Dialect: Social and Geographical Perspectives</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">, Blackwell.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Please have a look at </span></span></b><a href="http://hatsuon-kyosei.com/blog/"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">my main blog</span></span></b></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">!</span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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Shigehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11064218668792306369noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1217108376857695136.post-24308157512064410632009-07-21T20:32:00.043+09:002013-03-30T00:03:22.733+09:00More training in pronunciation<div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Elvis Presley’s “Bosa Nova Baby”— one of the songs he sang in </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Fun In Acapulco</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> (1963) — will be a very good material for your pronunciation training as well as for your singing practice. Since you have to pronounce almost all the words very quickly throughout the song, there are a lot of examples of elision, assimilation, and of course weak forms.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">The sound clip below is of my own version of this song (sung to a commercially available karaoke CD):</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyff1s38WJALW_oGQ-fpy0rQQfZ3WM0R_MDv7t-0dTMo3PHFZ1TTD5FF3KhdGIOkh3OtQYafAQrSFf7eHDTgg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">As is very often the case with American accents and POP songs, the words ending in “ing” are pronounced with /n/ rather than /</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ŋ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">/ as the unauthorised spelling “in’” shows: </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">flyin</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">’ /'fla</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɪɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">n</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">/, </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">workin</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">’ /'w</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">rk</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">n/, and </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">dancin</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">’ /'dæns</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">n/. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In the phrase “just like” the /t/ of “just” is deleted, i.e. /d</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ʒə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">s la</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">k/. In “You got my...”, “you” will be pronounced in its weak form /j</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ʊ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">/, or even /j</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">/ which is very common in an American accent, and an assimilation-plus-weakening process applies to “got my”, i.e. /</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">g</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɑ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">t ma</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">/ → /</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">g</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɑ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">p ma</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">/ → /</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">g</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɑ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">m ma</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">/.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">An interesting example of elision plus progressive assimilation is observed in “poppin’”: </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">/'</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">p</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɑ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">p</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">n/ → /'</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">p</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɑ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">p</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">/.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">The most challenging part is “Keep on dancin’ I’m about to have myself a fit”, for which t</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">he final phonetic outcome of “...dancin’ I’m about to have myself...” will likely be</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> [dæns</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">n am </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ba</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɾ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ə</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> hæm maseof </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ə </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">f</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ʔ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">].</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">The complete version of this song is </span></span></span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3hnErbxgrIY" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3366ff;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">here</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Please have a look at </span></span></b><a href="http://hatsuon-kyosei.com/blog/"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">my main blog</span></span></b></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">!</span></span></b></span></span></div>
Shigehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11064218668792306369noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1217108376857695136.post-12469338164628149162009-07-11T18:33:00.047+09:002013-03-30T00:04:09.452+09:00Pronunciation training with Professor Higgins<div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">Now that it seems unlikely that I can have another chance to live in England, at least in the near future, I always find It of utmost importance to practice the pronunciation of English whenever time allows me to. I make it a rule to read “aloud” everything written in English — sometimes even academic articles on phonetics — not only to keep the muscles of my speech organs fit for the articulation of English vowels and consonants, but also to retain my acquired British accent and keep it “undamaged”. I do not intend to insistently stick to RP, which I was taught during my three-year postgraduate study in phonetics at UCL, yet I always want to be able to demonstrate it whenever I teach my students English pronunciation.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">For pronunciation training, I sometimes choose a native speaker’s fast speech as a model. As a very good model — although a bit old-fashioned — is Rex Harrison’s fast speech as Professor Higgins in </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">My Fair Lady</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">. On his first encounter with Eliza Doolittle on a rainy evening in Covent Garden, Higgins avowedly accuses her of her Cockney accent by saying: </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">“</span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">A woman who utters such disgusting and depressing noises has no right to be anywhere — no right to live. Remember that you are a human being with a soul and the divine gift of articulate speech; that your native language is the language of Shakespeare and Milton and the Bible; and don’t sit there crooning like a bilious pigeon</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">.”</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">The lines are a great model for pronunciation training, since they are full of weak forms and linking, spoken rapidly with emphatic intonation. There is also a very good example of nasal release: ‘Milton and the Bible’ (/</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ˈ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">mɪl</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">tn</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ən </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 23px; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ð</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ə </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ˈ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">baɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">bl</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">/</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">). You can see Rex Harrison’s version </span></span></span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owWPgUyK7DY"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">here</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">. In the phrase ‘a woman who utters’, ‘who’ is pronounced in its weakest form /</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ʊ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">/, linked with the /n/ of ‘woman’: /</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ə </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ˈ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">w</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ʊ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">mən </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px; white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ʊ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ˈʌ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">təz/.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">This is really challenging for foreign learners of English, isn’t it?</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">Now, my version goes like this:↓</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dy1bujpNGiKw44W-VdBaDqMW_mU1M1CWgFMsOllfrvPvHUBu7HFBNLnYeEUkCjzdj6do-aj_55c-Wqwwb32aQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">Well, how is it?</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">On the other hand, I try to make my accent as American as I can when I sing the songs of my all-time hero, Elvis Presley! Of course, yes!</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">Here is just a bit of my singing “See See Rider”:↓</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzymVYPNx0ly6UInmuyC3fOs2UhJrjEgHvgTe3aTXAF1BdflEqwjAwqsf5ymhHE5qR71GC7gk5NKK0PC0K-Tw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">The complete version of this number is </span></span></span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=segvH9A_IrU"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3366ff;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">here</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Please have a look at </span></span></b><a href="http://hatsuon-kyosei.com/blog/"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">my main blog</span></span></b></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">!</span></span></b></span></span></div>
Shigehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11064218668792306369noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1217108376857695136.post-74988667238403577542009-06-25T23:55:00.034+09:002013-03-30T00:04:28.710+09:00The Syllabic Nasal in Japanese<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://hatsuon-kyosei.com/blog/?p=49"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3366ff;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">The syllabic nasal /N/ (</span></span></span></a><a href="http://hatsuon-kyosei.com/blog/?p=49"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3366ff;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ん</span></span></span></a><a href="http://hatsuon-kyosei.com/blog/?p=49"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3366ff;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">) in Japanese</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> is a well-known source of negative transfer for the Japanese learner of English. It is normally represented as ‘n’ in Roman orthography, but its actual place of articulation is entirely dependent on that of the following sound. Thus, for example, </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">sanpo</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> /saNpo/, </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">sontoku</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> /soNtoku/, and </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">onkai</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> /oNkai/ are pronounced [sam:po], [son:toku], and [o</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ŋ</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">:kai] respectively, the place of articulation of /N/ assimilating to that of the following consonant. Since this type of regressive assimilation occurs for English /n/ too, things may not appear to be much of a problem so far.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">When a vowel or semi-vowel follows it, it becomes a centralised close vowel [i] or [</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ʉ</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">] with complete nasalisation, i.e. </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">honya</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> /hoNja/ → [hoi</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">~</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> ya], </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">hon’i</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> /hoNi/ → [hoi</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">~ i], </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">kanwa</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> /kaNwa/ → [ka</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ʉ</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">~ wa], etc. The problem is that the Japanese learner of English tends to substitute these nasal vowels for the English /n/ in syllable-final positions when they pronounce phrases like </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">an apple</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> /</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ə</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">n æpl/, </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">can you</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> /kæn ju:/, and </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">and even</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> /</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ə</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">n i:vn/: they are typically pronounced [</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ə</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ʉ</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">~ apl], [kjai</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">~ ju:] and [</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ə</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ʉ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">~</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> i:vn].</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Please have a look at </span></span></b><a href="http://hatsuon-kyosei.com/blog/"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">my main blog</span></span></b></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">!</span></span></b></span></span></div>
Shigehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11064218668792306369noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1217108376857695136.post-26329734514021826092009-06-13T14:47:00.026+09:002013-03-30T00:04:46.889+09:00Stressed weak forms!!<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Wh</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">e</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">n </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">i</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">t </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">c</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">o</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">m</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">e</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">s</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">t</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">o </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">l</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">e</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">a</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">r</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">n</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">i</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">n</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">g</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">a</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">f</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">o</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">r</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">e</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">i</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">g</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">n</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">l</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">a</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">n</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">g</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">u</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">a</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">g</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">e, it is always the case that what is given little attention by the native speaker is the hardest nut to crack for the foreign learner. The native speaker of Japanese, for example, wouldn’t pay much attention to his/her use of particles like </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">wa</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> and </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ga</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> when speaking (as well as writing), while for someone who learns Japanese as a foreign language Japanese particles are always troublesome and confusing. </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In the pronunciation of English, weak forms of grammatical words are considered to be a stepping stone for the learner aspiring to acquire a nativelike accent. The learner is therefore told to learn to be able to pronounce </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">to write</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> and </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">for all</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> as </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">tə ˈraɪt</span></span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b></b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> and </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">fər ˈ</span></span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b></b></span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɔː</span></span></span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">l</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">, rather than </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">tuː ˈraɪt</span></span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b></b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> and </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">fɔːr ˈ</span></span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b></b></span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ɔː</span></span></span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">l</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">. This is very important in order to acquire the rhythm of a stress-timed language such as English. A weak form occurs as a result of the speaker paying very little attention to the grammatical word in question and therefore trying to quickly move to the semantically important content word that follows it: in uttering </span></span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">to write</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> the speaker naturally places more emphasis on </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">write</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> than on </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">to</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> because the former is supposed to be semantically more important. Weak forms are, as it were, a product of the speaker’s unconsciousness.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Here is the difficulty.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">I have long been teaching my students the importance of weak forms, but I sometimes doubt if this approach of mine is ever appropriate. That I emphasize the importance of weak forms means that my students get more conscious of and consequently put more emphasis on the pronunciation of grammatical words. Very often this brings about a bizarre consequence: grammatical words tend to get stressed even though they are pronounced in their weak forms. So, for example, </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">to write</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> is pronounced </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ˈtə raɪt</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">, or sometimes even </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ˈta raɪt</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Please have a look at </span></span></b><a href="http://hatsuon-kyosei.com/blog/"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">my main blog</span></span></b></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">!</span></span></b></span></span></div>
Shigehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11064218668792306369noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1217108376857695136.post-43620947612080112972009-06-06T23:58:00.015+09:002013-03-30T00:05:22.042+09:00The ghost of R<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: large;">Years of giving accent correction to my students have demonstrated that many Japanese learners of English are exceedingly obsessed with the English “r” sound. They make much effort to correctly produce what we technically call the alveolar approximant (frictionless continuant). However, many of them tend to believe, quite mistakenly, that English pronunciation is characterised by nothing but this sound.</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: large;">The trouble is that their obsession with /r/ is so strong that, when speaking English or reading English text, they tend to awkwardly retract the tongue root, with the tongue tip slightly curled up, throughout the whole of articulation. As a result, all the vowels are r-coloured regardless of the spelling and all the alveolar consonants are somewhat retroflex-like. I always try to make them realise that they don't have to pay too much attention to /r/ in post-vocalic positions (whichever accent of English they are aiming at), but their obsession with this particular sound won't let my advice ring in their ears.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #660000;"> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Please have a look at </span></span></b><a href="http://hatsuon-kyosei.com/blog/"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">my main blog</span></span></b></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">!</span></span></b></span></span></div>
Shigehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11064218668792306369noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1217108376857695136.post-69007963607227919512009-06-06T05:01:00.019+09:002013-03-30T00:05:40.721+09:00From conTROVersy to CONtroversy<div style="text-align: left;">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">What Professor John Wells wrote in </span></span></span><a href="http://http//phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3366ff;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">his phonetic blog</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"> on 4 June reminded me of what my father (aged 85 now) told me some time ago. He said that when he was a university student in Japan, </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">kən'trɒvəsi</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"> (or maybe </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">-s</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ɪ</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"> in those days) was the only pronunciation taught for </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">controversy</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">. When I was a university student (about 30 years ago), </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">'kɒntrəv</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ɜ</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">:</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">s</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">i</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"> was referred to as American. Today, I always tell my students the former is on the way out.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">In my father’s days, teachers of English in Japan got delighted when they found an English word whose pronunciation was difficult to guess from the spelling. Thus </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">forehead</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">, for example, was always their source of happiness, because the knowledge that it was pronounced </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">'f</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ɒr</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">d</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"> was a kind of scholarly privilege they were proud to have. They chuckled with satisfaction when a learner of English pronounced the word </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">'f</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">ɔ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">:</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">hed</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">. They would lament the fact that what they proudly pointed out as an example of layman’s mispronunciation is now preferred by the majority of the native speakers of English. But, like it or not, language is constantly changing. That’s why it is interesting to study.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Please have a look at </span></span></b><a href="http://hatsuon-kyosei.com/blog/"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">my main blog</span></span></b></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">!</span></span></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: 13;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-monospace; font-size: 12;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: 11; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-monospace;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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